# El Colegiado · Data on refereeing in the Liga

> An independent, neutral platform: 9,880 Liga matches (2000-01 → 2025-26), 80 referees, compared with the bookmakers' odds. Open, verifiable data.

Source: https://elcolegiado.com/

Updated on 3 October 2026

# Data on refereeing in the Liga

26 seasons, 9,880 matches and 80 referees, compared with what the bookmakers' odds predicted. Every figure can be checked: sources cited, method published, tables downloadable.

[Explore the data](https://elcolegiado.com/explorer/)[Negreira case](https://elcolegiado.com/studies/negreira-case/)[Current seasonSoon](https://elcolegiado.com/current-season/) **Undiano Mallenco**

Referee

× **Real Madrid CF**

2000–19

Matches

52

Points

101

Expected

102.8

31 W · 8 D · 13 L

73 pts deviation −1.8 133 pts

inconclusive [View the pair →](https://elcolegiado.com/referees/undiano-mallenco/real-madrid/) **Gil Manzano**

Referee

× **Real Madrid CF**

2012–26

Matches

51

Points

132

Expected

108.9

42 W · 6 D · 3 L

80 pts deviation +23.1 138 pts

inconclusive [View the pair →](https://elcolegiado.com/referees/gil-manzano/real-madrid/) **Undiano Mallenco**

Referee

× **FC Barcelona**

2000–19

Matches

50

Points

109

Expected

103.8

32 W · 13 D · 5 L

75 pts deviation +5.2 133 pts

inconclusive [View the pair →](https://elcolegiado.com/referees/undiano-mallenco/barcelona/) **Mateu Lahoz**

Referee

× **Atlético Madrid**

2008–23

Matches

44

Points

74

Expected

71.3

21 W · 11 D · 12 L

43 pts deviation +2.7 100 pts

inconclusive [View the pair →](https://elcolegiado.com/referees/mateu-lahoz/atletico-madrid/) **Martínez Munuera**

Referee

× **Real Madrid CF**

2013–26

Matches

41

Points

90

Expected

87.7

27 W · 9 D · 5 L

62 pts deviation +2.3 114 pts

inconclusive [View the pair →](https://elcolegiado.com/referees/martinez-munuera/real-madrid/) **Mateu Lahoz**

Referee

× **FC Barcelona**

2009–23

Matches

41

Points

96

Expected

88.5

29 W · 9 D · 3 L

63 pts deviation +7.5 114 pts

inconclusive [View the pair →](https://elcolegiado.com/referees/mateu-lahoz/barcelona/)

Examples chosen by number of matches, not by deviation.

Undiano Mallenco × Real Madrid CF

## What the data says

Four results, each with its details and method.

Referee × club deviations after correction

**Verdict / q-value** With hundreds of comparisons, some look extreme by chance. The Benjamini-Hochberg correction accounts for this: a deviation is only called notable if q < 0.05. Otherwise: inconclusive. Inconclusive does not mean "no effect": with 11 matches, only a deviation of about ±1.57 points per match could have been detected.

0 notable out of 1,325 pairs

Before correction, 255 tests out of 6,535 fall below p < 0.05: the order of magnitude expected from chance alone.

[Summary of verdicts →](https://elcolegiado.com/studies/negreira-case/#verdicts)

The odds, a reliable benchmark

**Calibration** Across the whole Liga, actual points and points expected from the odds differ by only a few % per season: the odds are a reliable benchmark.

−1.3% to +1.8%

Deviation between actual points and points expected from the odds, whole Liga, in each of the 26 seasons.

[Calibration by season →](https://elcolegiado.com/studies/odds/)

Effect of VAR (2018-19)

**Effect of VAR** Whole-Liga average, four seasons before against four seasons after the arrival of VAR. VAR arrives the same season the payments end.

+26%

Penalties awarded per match, whole Liga: 0.290 → 0.364 (p = 0.001). VAR coincides with the end of the payments.

[The VAR study →](https://elcolegiado.com/studies/var/)

Negreira study: before / during / after

**Difference-in-differences** We measure the club's change between two periods, then subtract the change of a comparison group over the same periods. What remains is the change specific to the club.

−0.111 pt/match

Difference-in-differences of points − expected, Barça vs control group, 2001-18 → 2018-26: q = 0.27, inconclusive.

[Read the study →](https://elcolegiado.com/studies/negreira-case/)

## Where to start

Every club, referee and season has its own page.

### Clubs of the 2025-26 season

The 20 clubs of the latest season; 52 clubs in all since 2000-01.

[Athletic Bilbao](https://elcolegiado.com/clubs/athletic-club/)[Atlético Madrid](https://elcolegiado.com/clubs/atletico-madrid/)[CA Osasuna](https://elcolegiado.com/clubs/osasuna/)[Deportivo Alavés](https://elcolegiado.com/clubs/alaves/)[Elche CF](https://elcolegiado.com/clubs/elche/)[FC Barcelona](https://elcolegiado.com/clubs/barcelona/)[Getafe CF](https://elcolegiado.com/clubs/getafe/)[Girona FC](https://elcolegiado.com/clubs/girona/)[Levante UD](https://elcolegiado.com/clubs/levante/)[Rayo Vallecano](https://elcolegiado.com/clubs/rayo-vallecano/)[RC Celta de Vigo](https://elcolegiado.com/clubs/celta-vigo/)[RCD Espanyol](https://elcolegiado.com/clubs/espanyol/)[RCD Mallorca](https://elcolegiado.com/clubs/mallorca/)[Real Betis](https://elcolegiado.com/clubs/real-betis/)[Real Madrid CF](https://elcolegiado.com/clubs/real-madrid/)[Real Oviedo](https://elcolegiado.com/clubs/real-oviedo/)[Real Sociedad](https://elcolegiado.com/clubs/real-sociedad/)[Sevilla FC](https://elcolegiado.com/clubs/sevilla/)[Valencia CF](https://elcolegiado.com/clubs/valencia/)[Villarreal CF](https://elcolegiado.com/clubs/villarreal/) [All clubs →](https://elcolegiado.com/clubs/)

### Most active referees

Ranked by number of matches refereed only.

- [Undiano Mallenco2000-01 → 2018-19346](https://elcolegiado.com/referees/undiano-mallenco/)

- [Mateu Lahoz2008-09 → 2022-23283](https://elcolegiado.com/referees/mateu-lahoz/)

- [Gil Manzano2012-13 → 2025-26267](https://elcolegiado.com/referees/gil-manzano/)

- [Hernández Hernández2012-13 → 2025-26255](https://elcolegiado.com/referees/hernandez-hernandez/)

- [César Muñiz Fernández2000-01 → 2013-14248](https://elcolegiado.com/referees/muniz-fernandez/)

- [David Fernández Borbalán2004-05 → 2017-18242](https://elcolegiado.com/referees/fernandez-borbalan/)
[All 80 referees →](https://elcolegiado.com/referees/)

### The 26 seasons

Champion, standings, referees, averages.

[2025-26](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2025-26/)[2024-25](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2024-25/)[2023-24](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2023-24/)[2022-23](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2022-23/)[2021-22](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2021-22/)[2020-21](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2020-21/)[2019-20](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2019-20/)[2018-19](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2018-19/)[2017-18](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2017-18/)[2016-17](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2016-17/)[2015-16](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2015-16/)[2014-15](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2014-15/)[2013-14](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2013-14/)[2012-13](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2012-13/)[2011-12](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2011-12/)[2010-11](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2010-11/)[2009-10](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2009-10/)[2008-09](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2008-09/)[2007-08](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2007-08/)[2006-07](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2006-07/)[2005-06](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2005-06/)[2004-05](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2004-05/)[2003-04](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2003-04/)[2002-03](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2002-03/)[2001-02](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2001-02/)[2000-01](https://elcolegiado.com/seasons/2000-01/)

Underlined marker: arrival of VAR (2018-19). [Archives 1990-2000](https://elcolegiado.com/archives/)

## How it works

Three steps, all documented.

[Methodology](https://elcolegiado.com/methodology/)
- 1 ### Open sources Scores, odds, referees, cards and penalties from 9,880 matches, gathered from public sources, normalised and cross-checked.

- 2 ### Expected points from the odds Before each match, the market gives the chances of a win, draw and defeat. Points obtained are compared with these expected points.

- 3 ### Corrected tests Every deviation is tested, then corrected for multiple comparisons: a deviation is only called notable if it survives the correction.

## Why trust us

- **Sources and licences** football-data.co.uk, Zenodo, Wikipedia: each file carries its licence. [Data](https://elcolegiado.com/data/#licences)

- **Neutrality** No ranking by deviation or by "suspicion", morally neutral colours, sample size always shown. [About](https://elcolegiado.com/about/)

- **Public corrections** Found an error? Report it: every correction is checked and recorded. [Corrections](https://elcolegiado.com/corrections/)

- **Liga only** Primera División, 2000-01 → 2025-26. Copa del Rey and Champions League: coming later. [Methodology](https://elcolegiado.com/methodology/)

- **Non-commercial** No advertising, no paid offer, no commercial ties. [Legal notice](https://elcolegiado.com/legal-notice/)